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An active lifestyle is an integral part of healthy living. There is a particular category of diseases that affect the skeletal and muscular systems. These diseases will affect a person’s active lifestyle negatively. From the very common condition of arthritis to the very rare aseptic osteonecrosis, these orthopaedic conditions have a drastic effect on a person’s health and lifestyle. This week’s edition of Health Capsule features Dr. Mohammad Mashfiqul Arafin Siddiqui, Orthopaedic Surgeon, Mount Elizabeth Hospital, Singapore, who answered various questions that gloss over orthopaedic conditions in general.

“Orthopaedic diseases are very common among the ageing population. Complaints of muscle and joint aches that are more often heard indicate the increase in the incidents of orthopaedic cases. In addition, people are becoming increasingly aware of sports which especially contribute to orthopaedic injuries such as torn anterior cruciate ligaments (ACLs) in the knee joint,” Dr Siddiqui stated. Considering Sri Lanka’s high interest in sports (especially in cricket and rugby), orthopaedic complications are definitely threats. The person who plays more sports increases the chances that individual to be left without a guard against such health issues. In general, orthopaedic problems are quite common and according to the orthopaedic surgeon, it is highly possible that its frequency would go up further in future.

Not related to age

According to Dr. Siddiqui, back pains and knee pain leads as the most often contracted orthopaedic conditions. Knee pain is not just affecting the elderly. Surprisingly even young knees are open to suffering from pain. “Osteoarthritis is the most common causative factor that leads to knee pain in adults. This is due to the wearing out and degeneration of cartilage in the knee joints. Mechanical pain on movement is often experienced. In young patients, the cause of knee pain varies from individual to individual depending on the activities they engage in. Sports injuries are most often the root cause for knee pain in the younger generation,” he explicated.

“The conditions of knee pain can be branched out as primary and secondary, where there is no particular cause for knee pain in the primary condition. Secondary complications could occur as the after-effects of previous knee injuries and fractures, ACL injuries and previous surgeries for meniscectomy (surgical removal of the meniscus cartilage of the knee),” he continued, adding that inflammatory arthritis, gout and rheumatoid arthritis may also lead to knee pains.

Signs and symptoms

It not very unexpected of senior citizens to have conditions like osteoarthritis, but is it possible to develop arthritis at a young age? The answer to that question is yes. Dr. Siddiqui mentioned that just like knee pain, the younger generation is under threat of other orthopaedic maladies. So although it is less common, a young person can develop osteoarthritis. “Total meniscectomy of the meniscus cartilage in young patients create circumstances where the patient is prone to falling victim to arthritis at a much younger age than the general population,” he informed. Past sports injuries are to blame as well. X-rays are as good a method as any other for the diagnosis of orthopaedic conditions like arthritis.

When the elderly complain of the common orthopaedic symptoms such as joint aches, it is natural to suspect arthritis. Since arthritis and similar conditions are least likely suspected in children and teens, how are these anomalies detected in them? When they complain of mechanical knee pain it is important to pay attention to the following symptoms. “Patients tend to feel pain in the front of the knee during movements; especially when going up or down the stairs. The range of knee movement would also be limited,” explained Dr Siddiqui.

Variety in treatment

It is crucial to receive timely treatment. Otherwise, arthritis can result in other conditions. “Valgs deformities can result from arthritis causing abnormalities such as malalignment of the knees,” he informed.

The orthopaedic treatment are available in two methods. The non-operative and the operative method. “Non- operative treatment methods include activity modifications. For example, if a patient has to deal with a flight of stairs regularly, this activity would simply be changed to the use of an elevator. Activity modifications deal with similar scenarios. Physiotherapy helps strengthen different muscles in the legs. Medication as well as injections for early arthritis aids in treatment (injections are only temporary treatments). Weight loss is an important factor to consider,” he stated. The surgeon further highlighted that the bodyweight has a relation on the knees. When a person carries out activities like running, jogging or even walking, this adds to the workload on the knees, increasing the pressure bear by them. In order to reduce the pressure on the knees, it is helpful to lose weight. Use of walking aids assists in reducing the force bear by the knees.

Operative treatments are determined by the patient’s condition. “Pure arthritis in a young patient calls for realignment or replacement of the knee compartment. Sometimes just part of the knee is replaced whereas with more severe cases complete knee replacement is required. Sometimes a scope is performed where a camera is used as an aid to detect the defect. Sometimes meniscus tears could be the reason for the pain that is caused in the knee, but the condition could be misinterpreted as a different condition,” mentioned Dr Siddiqui. He emphasis on the importance of proper clinical diagnosis. Therefore imaging plays a vital role in the proper confirmation of the condition. The cause of knee pains could be due to other reasons such as cancers and tumours.

Surgical risks and complications

There are bilateral cases that call for the replacement of both knees in a patient. However, not all patients are able to undergo such surgeries. Patients have to be carefully selected for such treatments based on whether they are able to tolerate certain conditions. The doctor warned that there are risks and complications that are involved in such surgeries. “Many orthopaedic procedures deal with implants. Therefore infection is a common risk as a foreign body is inserted through the implant. Limb surgeries may lead to deep vein thrombosis or DVT which is the formation of a blood clot in a particular vein which may cause immobilization of the limbs. Fractures, as well as injury to nearby structures like nerves and blood vessels, can occur during surgery. Paralysis is another risk feared by patients in relation to spinal surgeries,” he added. Long term planning is necessary before surgical procedures are considered. According to the surgeon, the lifespan of a knee replacement lasts for around 15-20 years before a replacement is required again. Therefore a long term plan should be draw up with regard to the patient’s health before surgery is performed. “However today orthopaedic surgeries are quite safe with maximum recovery and the risks that entail are very low,” Dr. Siddiqui assured.

This article is published in the Daily Mirror http://www.dailymirror.lk/medicine/Glossing-over-Orthopaedic-Anomalies/308-148859